Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ether eselselsese ihluthi, kwaye ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kuqoqosho lukazwelonke kuya kuqhuba ngokuthe ngqo kuphuhliso lweshishini le-Selese. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Teluplose Ether e-China kugxile ikakhulu kumashishini anjengezixhobo zokwakha, ukuqhuba kweoyile kunye namayeza. Ngesicelo kunye nokukhuthaza i-selsulose ether kwezinye iindawo, imfuno ye-Sete Ither kwi-Orwream enamashishini asezantsi aya kukhula ngokukhawuleza.
Ukongeza, ukwanda kwelizwe kulwakhiwo lweasethi elisigxina kunye nophuhliso lwamandla, kunye nolwakhiwo lwelizwe dolophu, kunye nolwando lwabahlali kwizindlu, zonke iisivumelwano, ziya kuba negalelo elifanelekileyo kwi-Etes, i-oyile ye-oyile kunye namayeza amayeza. Ukukhula kwemveliso kuvelisa ukutsalwa ngokungathanga ngqo. Iimveliso ze-HPMC zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho lweSizwe ikakhulu ngohlobo lwezongezo, i-HPMC ineempawu zokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa okusasazekileyo, kunye nokuphela kokuphela kokuthenga ubuncinci. Ngokusekwe kwiimpawu zabasebenzisi abasasazekileyo kwimarike, i-HPMC yemveliso yemveliso ye-HPMC yathatha imodeli yomthengisi.
Iimveliso ze-PAC zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwishishini leoyile kunye nemveliso yemveliso. Abathengi ikakhulu ziinkampani ezinkulu zeoyile ezinjengePetrokina, iSisopec, kunye neCnooc. Iimveliso zithengiswa ikakhulu kwizixa ezikhulu.
1. Imo yemakethi yemveliso
(1)Ishishini lokwakha
Imakethi yasekhaya ishishini lokwakha yeyona ndawo iphambili kwimveliso ye-HPMC, esetyenziswa ikakhulu ekuthinteleni, umphezulu wokudibana, iithayile ezinamachaphaza kwaye zisongezelela kudaka lwexesha. Ngokukodwa, ukuxuba isixa-mali esincinci se-HPMC ukuya kudaka lwesamente kunokwandisa i-viscofity, ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukujongana nokuphucula umoya, ukungavisisani kobushushu, kunye nokubulala. Amandla amanxuwa kunye noShear, ngaloo ndlela ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kwezinto zokwakha, ukuphucula umgangatho wokwakha kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kolwakhiwo ngoomatshini. Ukongeza, ngexesha lemveliso kunye nezothutho zekhonkrithi yentengiso, i-HPMC ngumgcini obalulekileyo, odlala indima ephambili ekwandiseni i-RUOOOOOLOL NOKUGCINWA KWEXESHA LOKUGQIBELA. Okwangoku, i-HPMC yeyona mveliso iphambili ye-Ether ye-Ether esetyenziswayo kwizinto zokuqala zokwakha.
Umzi mveliso wokwakha yeyona ndawo iphambili intsimi yelizwe uqoqosho lwelizwe lam. Ukusukela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2013, ixabiso lokuphuma lishishini lelizwe lam linyuke ukusuka ku-5.1 trillion yuan ukuya kwi-15,93 trillion yuan; Indawo yokwakha yolwakhiwo lwezindlu inyuswa ukusuka kwi-4.82 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni ezili-4,82 zeebhiliyoni ezili-11,3 zeebhiliyoni. Ngokutsho kwe- "yeminyaka yobudala yeminyaka yobudala yeminyaka emihlanu, ixabiso lokuphumeza leshishini likazwelonke lokwakha liya kulonyuka ngaphezulu kwe-15% ngonyaka.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona ilizwe lam elingqongqo kunye namanyathelo olawulo kwimarike yezezindlu ineempembelelo ezithile kumzi-mveliso wokwakha, imakethi yendawo yokuhlala isesanda. Ukususela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2013, indawo entsha yendawo yophuhliso lwezindlu inyuswe ukusuka kwi-954 yezigidi zeemitha ukusuka ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2013, inqanaba lokukhula konyaka lokuthengisa le-Estate olufihliweyo lwe-19.54%.
NgoNovemba ka-2012, urhulumente watsho ngokucacileyo ukuba ukufudukela ezidolophini emaphandleni kufuneka ibe ngumsebenzi ophambili wokuphucula umgangatho wokufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini. Ngo-2011, ireyithi yokufundela ilizwe lam yayiyi-51.27%, eyayingaphantsi kakhulu kune-70-80% yenqanaba lokufudumeza kumazwe aphuhlileyo. Ke ngoko, ukuphuculwa kwe-edolophana yasemaphandleni kwilizwe lam kuya kuzisa indawo enkulu yokuphuhliswa kwendawo yokwakha kunye namanye amashishini ahambelana. Ukongeza, utyalomali oluqinileyo lukaRhulumente kwiziseko zophuhliso kunye neeasethi ezisisigxina, kunye nokuqalisa okukhulu kwezindlu ezifikelelekayo kwilizwe liphela kuya kubonelela ngemvelaphi eyaneleyo yokukhula komzi mveliso wokukhula. Ngokwesicwangciso senkonzo yendlu kunye nophuhliso lwasemaphandleni ngexesha le "yeshumi elinambini leminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, ukusukela ngo-2015, ilizwe lam liya kufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-20%, kwaye ilizwe lonke lolwakhiwo lwezindlu luya kufikelela kwi-3.6 i-trillion enye ye-yuan.
I-Chinargucal ye "2014 ukuya kwi-2014 Iimfuno zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Ukususela ngo-2008 ukuya ku-2013, ukuveliswa kwelizwe lam ukwanda ukusuka kwi-1.383 yezigidigidi kwiitoni ezingama-2.303 zeebhiliyoni; Ukuveliswa kwekhonkrithi yekhonkrithi yorhwebo ukusuka kwizigidi ezingama-294 ze-cuible ukuya kwi-1.143 yezigidigidi zeemitha.
Ngokukhulisa ukhuseleko lwendalo esingqongileyo, kwiKhomishini yoPhuculo lweSizwe, iSebe lezoRhwebo, kunye nophuhliso lwasemaphandleni kuye kwaphathelwa kwikhonkrithi yekhonkrithi. Ngokwesaziso sikaRhulumente esithi "Isaziso sokuthintela ukudityaniswa kwesiza sodaka kwezinye izixeko ngaphakathi komda wexesha", nge-1 kaJulayi 1, 2009, ikhonkrithi enkulu yeli lizwe liphela. Okwangoku, zingaphezulu kwe-300 izixeko kulo lonke ilizwe zizise imigaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwikhonkrithi yentengiso. Ngokukhuthaza ngokukhawuleza kwekhonkrithi yentengiso, imfuno yentengiso ye-HPMC iya kukhula ngokukhawuleza.
I-selyulose ether yezakwimveliso yeekhemikhali ezilungileyo, kwaye ishishini elihleliweyo lingenamanani achanekileyo nakwimakethi esebenzayo. Ishishini lokwakha yeyona ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso ye-HPMC kwi-Teluplose Ether. Ngokwedatha yokukhula ukusukela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2013, idityaniswe nesicwangciso sophuhliso seminyaka le-"seminyaka emihlanu yeminyaka engamashumi amabini kunye neyemigaqo-nkqubo yokwakhiwa kwezindlu ezivela ezisemaphandleni, iimveliso ze-HPMC ezifikelelekayo, iimveliso ze-HPMC ezifikelelekayo zinegumbi elininzi lokuphuhlisa ukuthengisa.
Imakethi yamanye amazwe
Ukusuka kwimbono yehlabathi, uqoqosho olusakhasayo lukhawulezisa ukwenziwa kweedolophu kunye nokwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso ngokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho ngokukhawuleza. Thatha i-India njengomzekelo. As an economy among the BRICS countries whose economic development rate is second only to China and the country with the second largest population in the world, its urbanization rate in 2010 was only 30.1%. Ngo-2012, ukuqalisa, inkampani eyaziwayo yamazwe onke eqinile, ixelwe kwangaphambili ukuba kwiminyaka elishumi izayo, ixhamla kwizinto ezizezizixeko ezikhulu kwi-Olimpiki nakwiNdebe yeHlabathi ye-Olimpiki efana namazwe avelayo. Amazwe, umgangatho wemveliso yokwakha yehlabathi kwiimarike ezivelayo iya kunyuka ibe yi-6.7 yeedola zaseMelika, apho imakethi kumazwe asaphuhlayo iya kukhula nge-36%. Amalungelo amakhulu okukhula kwemveliso yokwakha eIndiya, eBrazil, eMzantsi Afrika, iRussia, mpuma yeAsia kunye namanye amazwe kunye nemimandla kunye nemimandla iya kubonelela ngamashishini amdaka e-ether.
(2)Umzi mveliso wokuqhuba ioyile
Kwinkqubo yokuntywila kweoyile, ukuntywila i-fluid (ikwabizwa ngokuba "kukuntywila kodaka") idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthoklini kwaye inciphise i-bills, izixhobo zokulinganisa kunye nokudlulisela amandla e-hydraulic. Ke ngoko, ukugcina ubushushu obufanelekileyo, i-viscosity, ulwalamano kunye nezinye izikhombisi zokuntywila zibaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi wokuqhuba ioyile. Njenge-gicker, i-radulogy modifier kunye nelahleko yelahleko ye-fluid ekrweleni, i-PAC idlala iindima zokuntywila, ukuthambisa i-right bit, kunye nokudlulisela amandla e-hydrodynamic. Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu kwiimeko zeJografi kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile, kunzima ukuhambisa amathole kwiindawo ezinemigangatho yejografini, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwe-PAC kwandiswa kakhulu.
Intengiso yobunjineli bobuchwephesha bobunjineli bobuchwephesha buchaphazeleka kakhulu kukuhlolwa kwehlabathi kunye notyalo-mali olukhuli-utyalo-mali, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-40% yovavanyo lwehlabathi kunye nophuhliso lwehlabathi lusetyenziselwa ukuqhuba ubunjineli bobunjineli yeoyile. Ubungakanani beentengiso zenkonzo yehlabathi buyi-US $ 121.3 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2007, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba yi-US $ 262 yezigidiwili ngo-2013. Phakathi kweenkampani ezintathu ezinkulu zeoyile kwilizwe lam, iPetrochina inika iinkampani zobunjineli kunye nezobugcisa ezinjengeembambe zasentshona, i-Doll Yokuqhuba enkulu, i-Bohai, kunye ne-cumbisang drive. Ishishini layo ligubungela amabala amakhulu asekhaya kunye namasimi eoyile ephesheya kweoyile. Ukuphuhliswa kwamasimi e-oyile eMntla Afrika kunye neMbindi Mpuma kungekho semngciphekweni wokutshintsha imeko yezopolitiko yendawo enempembelelo, kwaye emva koko kuchaphazele ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso ze-PAC; I-Sinopec kunye ne-cnooc igxile kakhulu kuphuhliso lwe-oyile yeoyile, kwaye ibango le-PAC lizinzile.
Ukusukela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2013, ukusetyenziswa kweoyile yam yelizwe kwanda ukusuka kwi-369 yezigidi ukuya kwi-498 yezigidi zeetoni. Ngokwamanani eeNgxelo zePetrochina, i-Sidopec, kunye ne-Cnooc, ukusukela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2013, inkcitho kunye nophuhliso lwe-Yuan kwi-411.403 bhiliyoni yuan. Inkcitho iwile.
Okwangoku, ilizwe lam lijongile ii-oyile zeoyile kunye neendawo zokugcina izinto zeoli ezantsi kwingingqi yeNtshona njengeyona nto igxile kuphuhliso lweoyile, kwaye yonyusa ukuxhaphazwa kweendawo zokuhlala zakudala. Ngenxa yeemfuno ezizodwa zejografi zezinto ezikhankanywe apha ngasentla, isixa sobunjineli bokuqhuba sikhulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso ze-PAC kuyanda ngokufanelekileyo. Ilizwe lam "I-Petroleum kunye neShemikhali yeShemikhali" i-Windes "yeminyaka eli-10" ye-Petroleth "ishishini le-Petroleum liza kukhula nge-10% ngexesha lika-2011 ukuya ku-2015, eliya kuthi ikhuthaze ukukhula kwemfuno yentengiso ye-PAC.
(3)Ishishini lamachiza amayeza
I-Soinic Seleth isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwishishini lamayeza njengamachiza amayeza, njengamanzi amakhulu, ukusasazeka, ii-enullisiers kunye neearhente zefilimu. Isetyenziselwa ukuthoba ifilimu kunye nokunamathela kumayeza e-thebhulethi, kwaye inokusetyenziselwa ukunqunyanyiswa, iOfithalmic, i-Gatrix ye-Gonga eliphantsi kunye ne-vismy, inkqubo yemveliso inzima kwaye kukho iinkqubo ezininzi zokuhlamba. Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amabakala eemveliso ze-eteluplose, izinga lokuqokelela kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo ziphantsi, iindleko zemveliso ziphezulu, kwaye ixabiso elongeziweyo lemveliso liphezulu.
Okwangoku, i-chinermous yamachiza angaphandle i-10 ukuya kwi-20% yexabiso lokuphuma lawo onke amalungiselelo ngamayeza apheleleyo. Kuba i-chinarmaceutic yelizwe lasekhaya iqale kade kwaye inqanaba liphela liphantsi, i-chinarmaceutical yamayeza yasekhaya i-account Accound yelixa eliphantsi kulo lonke ichiza, malunga ne-2-3%. Izihlobo zamayeza zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiimveliso zokulungiselela ezifana namalungiselelo eekhemikhali, amayeza elungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye neemveliso ze-biochemical. Ukususela ngo-2008 ukuya ngo-2012, ixabiso lokuphuma lilonke le-chineruticals yayiziibhiliyoni ezingama-417.816 bhiliyoni yuan, ezingama-628.713 bhiliyoni yuan kunye ne-1,053.953 yezigidigidi yuan. Ngokutsho kwenani lamachiza amachiza amachiza amachiza amayeza e-2 yexabiso elipheleleyo lamalungiselelo angama-8 ka-2008 ukuya kwi-12 bhiliyoni yuan, i-12 bhiliyoni yuan.
Ngexesha le "yeminyaka yobudala beminyaka yobudala yeminyaka yobudala beminyaka yobudala yenzululwazi kunye netekhnoloji ibandakanya itekhnoloji yesitshixo yokuphuhliswa kwezinto ezitsha zamayeza njengezihloko zemixholo. Kwinqanaba le "Yeyesithoba leminyaka emihlanu yoMzi-mveliso wamayeza" olukhutshwe liCandelo lezoLchwephesha, itekhnoloji yoLwazi, ukomeleza ukuphuculwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendawo entsha yokuphuhlisa ishishini lamayeza. Ngokungqinelana nenjongo yenqanaba eliqhelekileyo lokukhula kwe-20% kwixabiso lokuphuma linani le-chiermaceutical kwi-Intanethi ye-"RMET "yeTekhnoloji yePhondo, kwaye kwangaxeshanye kukhuthaza ukukhula kwemakethi ye-HPMC ye-HPMC ye-HPMC ye-HPMC.
(4)Ipeyinti kunye namanye amashishini
I-HPMC isetyenziswa njengearhente yefilimu, i-tickener, i-eulsifier kwipeyinti ye-Latex kunye nepeyinti ye-windows, kwaye ifake ifilimu ye-temputer, kwaye iphucule ifilimu yentsimbi ye-4,511, i-9.139 yezigidi Iitoni, i-10.5381 yezigidi zeetoni, 10.8309 iitoni ezizigidi, i-14.0728 yezigidi zeetoni kunye ne-13.3898 yezigidi zeetoni. Nangona ichatshazelwe ngummiselo wezindlu, ukukhula kwendlela yokwakha ilizwe lam kwakukunciphisa ngo-2011, kodwa ngokuphucula amandla abantu abakongeziyo kwindalo, ishishini lempahla elithengiweyo liza kuthatha indawo yongezwa kubuntu obuyisimo.
I-Seley Sether ye-Ether yeyomzi-mveliso we-subnicarives kwaye ingenazo izibalo ezigunyazisiweyo zentengiso, zenza ukuba kube nzima ukuqhuba uhlalutyo ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoluhlu olubanzi kunye nokubaluleka kwesicelo, imizi-mveliso ephambili ye-dowwream ikwakhiwe, iPetroleum, amayeza kunye namanye amashishini oqoqosho kuzwelonke, kwaye imfuno inkulu kwaye ikhula. Ke ngoko, inokugwetywa ukuba iimveliso ze-Ether ye-Elese zinemfuno enkulu yentengiso kunye nendawo yokwanda. Ukongeza, ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso, ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso kunye nophuhliso lweoyile yamazwe angaphandle kwamanye amazwe abonelela ngendawo ebanzi yentengiso yamanye amazwe kwiShishini le-Ether yeTlula yeTlula.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: APR-24-2023