I-HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methylcelceluplose, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiHyprosellose, yenye yezona zinto zingeyo-ionic selsulose exubeneyo. Yinto engu-semi-yokwenziwa, engasebenziyo, i-viclaelastie isetyenziswa njengeoyile kwi-Opthalmology, okanye njengowona nyhafisi okanye oqinisekileyo kumayeza omlomo.
Igama lemveliso hydroxypropyl Methyl Selelose (HPMC)
Elinye igama i-Hydroxypropyl Methylcelcelcelulose, Mhpc, Methyl Hydroxypropyl Selelose
Inombolo yobhaliso lwe-CAS 9004-65-3
Imbonakalo emhlophe emhlophe okanye umgubo wegranur
Inkcazo yokhuseleko s24 / 25
Iipropathi zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali
Imbonakalo: mhlophe okanye iphantse ibe mhlophe okanye umgubo wegranur
Uzinzo: Iinyibiliki zinokutsha kwaye zingahambelani nee-oxidants ezinamandla.
Ububele; Ireyithi yokupasa ye-100 mesh yayingaphezulu kwe-98.5%. Ireyithi yokupasa yama-80 amehlo yi-100%. Ubungakanani obukhethekileyo bobungakanani be-paund 40 ~ 60 Mesh.
Iqondo lokushisa le-carbonis: 280-300 ℃
Ukungaboni ngasonye: 0.25-0.70G / CM3 (ihlala ijikeleze i-0.5G / CM3), isiphelo esithile 1.26-13.
Umbala otshintsha iqondo lokushishina: I-190-200 ℃
Ingxwabangxwaba yoxinzelelo: I-42-56DYNE / CM kwi-2% ye-ACTEAR
Ukunyibilikisa: Ukunyibilikisa emanzini kunye nezinye izinto ze-nyibilikisi, ezinjengenxalenye efanelekileyo ye-ethanol / amanzi, i-propanol / amanzi, njl njl. Ukungafihlisi izinto ezibonakalayo, ukusebenza okuzinzileyo, imigaqo eyahlukeneyo yobushushu bemveliso yahlukile, i-Soluba itshintsha ngophawu, kokukhona i-solubisity yesono, ukucaciswa okukhulu kwe-HPMC kuchaphazeleki kwixabiso le-pH.
Umsebenzi we-HPMC wehla ngokuncipha komxholo we-APELSYL, ukunyuka kwendawo ye-gel kunye nokwehla kwezelelo lwamanzi.
I-HPMC ikwanesakhono sokuthambisa, ukumelana netyuwa esezantsi, uzinzo lwe-PH, uzinzo lwefilimu, ifilimu egqwesileyo, kunye nokusasazeka kwe-enzyme, i-thessivels kunye neempawu ezibalekayo.
Iindlela zemveliso
Ikotoni ye-cotton yecotha inyangwa nge-LYE nge-35-40 ℃ kangangesiqingatha seyure, icinezelwe, i-seluplose ityhutywe kwaye ihlukile kwi-35 ℃, ukuze i-Polymeri yokugcwalisa i-Alkali Fiber ifunyenwe ngaphakathi kuluhlu olufunekayo. Beka i-alkali fiber kwi-ethetch ye-ether, yongeza i-propylene oxide kunye ne-methane chloride ngokulandelelana, i-Ethene nge-5-80 ℃ ye-5h, eyona xinzelelo iphezulu malunga ne-1.8MPA. Emva koko yongeza isixa esifanelekileyo se-hydrochloric acid kunye ne-oxcalic yokuhlamba i-acid i-90 ℃ Amanzi ashushu akwandise ivolumu. Xa umxholo wamanzi kwi-60%, womiswa ungaphantsi kwe-5% ngokuhamba komoya oshushu nge-130 ℃. Okokugqibela, imveliso egqityiweyo ityumkile kwaye ihlolwe nge-20 mesh.
Indlela yokuphelisa
1, Zonke iimodeli zinokongezwa kwizinto zendlela eyomileyo yokuxuba.
2, kufuneka kongezwe ngokuthe ngqo kwisisombululo esiqhelekileyo seqondo lobushushu, kungcono ukusebenzisa ukusasazeka kwamanzi okubandayo, emva kokongeza ngokubanzi kwimizuzu engama-10 ukuya kwengama-9 ukuya kwi-10-90.
I-3. Iimodeli eziqhelekileyo zinokuchithwa emva kokuxuba kwaye zisasaze ngamanzi ashushu kwaye zongeze amanzi abandayo emva kokuvuselela kunye nokupholisa.
4. Xa inyibilikisiwe, ukuba imeko ye-ageGlomeration yenzeka, kungenxa yokuba ukuxuba akukho modeli zaneleyo okanye eziqhelekileyo zongezwa ngokuthe ngqo kumanzi abandayo. Ngeli xesha, kufuneka ishukunyiswe ngokukhawuleza.
5. Ukuba amaqamza ezenzeka ngexesha lokupheliswa, banokususwa ngokuma iiyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-12 (ixesha elithile kuxhomekeke ekungqineni kwesisombululo) okanye ngokunyanzelwa, okanye ukongeza inani elifanelekileyo learhente yokuphosa.
I-HPMC isebenzisa
Isetyenziswe njenge-tickener, isisasazi, isikhephe, i-fisthant, i-oyile enganyangekiyo, i-filler, i-filler, i-emulsifier kunye ne-stachelimizer kwishishini lendwangu. Kukwasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-resin yokutyibiliki, i-petrochemical, i-ceramic, iphepha, isikhumba, iyeza, ukutya kunye namanye amashishini.
Eyona njongo iphambili
1, Imveliso yokwakha: Njengesandla sokugcina amanzi, udaka lokubuyela umva ngempompo. Ukubethwa, i-gypsum, i-poker powder okanye ezinye izinto zokwakha njenge-adhees, phucula i-Daub kwaye yandisa ixesha lokusebenza. Isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa i-ceiramic ye-ceiramic, imabula, umhlobiso weplastiki, encamathisela iarhente yomomeleza, ikwanokunciphisa idosi yesamente. Umsebenzi wokugcina amanzi we-HPMC wenza ukuba isilayidi emva kwesicelo asiyi kuba ngenxa yomile ngokukhawuleza kwaye uqhekeze, ukuphucula amandla emva kokukhula.
2, Ukwenza i-Ceramic: isetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengokuthambeka kwimveliso ye-ceramic.
3, Umzi-mveliso oqengqelekayo: Kwishishini elikhanyayo njenge-thi chunga, ukusasazeka kunye nokuzinzisa, emanzini okanye izinyibilikisi zezinto eziphilayo. Njengomphetho wepeyinti.
I-4, i-IK Printa: Kumzi-mveliso we-inki njenge-gickener, ukusasazeka kunye nokuzinzisa, emanzini okanye izinyibilikisi zezinto eziphilayo.
I-5, ngeplastiki: kwiarhente yokukhupha, ithawula, ioyile, njl.
I-6, i-PVC: Imveliso yePVC njengomntu osasazwayo, ukumiswa kwe-polymerication yee-auxilies eziphambili zePVC.
I-7, ishishini lamayeza: Izinto zokuhlamba; Izixhobo ze-membrane; Izinto ezilawulwa yiPolymer ezilawulwa ngamalungiselelo okukhululwa; Iarhente yokuzinzisa; Uncedo olunqunyanyisiweyo; Ithebhulethi ithebhulethi; Yonyusa i-goo
I-8, abanye: Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngesikhumba, ishishini lemveliso yephepha, iziqhamo kunye nolondolozo lwemifuno kunye neshishini lekhompyuter.
Isicelo esithile seshishini
Ishishini lokwakha
1, Thelekisa udaka: Ukuphucula ukusasazeka kwesamente-isanti, ukuphucula ubukhulu becala kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi, ukuthintela imibukiso kunento yokwenza nesamente.
2, I-Ceramic Tele yesamente: Ukuphucula ubushushu be-cemaramic tile tirdor, ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukuphucula iglureyitha kudluliselwe kwi-glura ye-cerramic ye-ceiramic, thintele umgubo.
I-3, i-Asbestos kunye nolunye uhlobo lokudibana: Njengearhente yokumiswa, iarhente yokuphucula imali, kodwa ikwaphucula isiseko seglue.
4, Gyppum Slarry: phucula ukugcinwa kwamanzi kunye nokuziqhelanisa, ukuphucula ukunamathela kwisiseko.
5, IXABISO LOKUGQIBELA
I-6, i-Latex Putty: Ukuphuculwa kolwelo kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi kwe-gally ye-teatex esekwe.
7, udaka: Njengokuthambelela kwendalo, kunokuphucula ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukuphucula igluered kudluliselwe kwiglu.
8, Ubambe: Njengomntu weplastiki we-Latex, inendima ekuphuculeni intsebenzo yokusebenza kunye nolwelo lokudibana kunye ne-powder.
9, Ukutshiza okuthile: ukuthintela isamente okanye i-latex yokutshiza kuphela kwezamaphatheka okanye ukuphucula ukuhamba kunye nokutshiza iigrafikhi kunempembelelo entle.
10, Isamente, iimveliso zeSeypsum: Njengesamente-i-Asbestos kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-hydraulic zicinezela ubumba, ziphucule ulwelo, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-falls, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-falls, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-famidies, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-famidies, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-famidies, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-falls, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-falls, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-famidies, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-falls, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-famidies, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-familm, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-faminer, zinokufumana iimveliso ze-faminer.
11, udonga lwefayibha: Ngenxa ye-anti-enli-enzyme, njengoko i-binder ye-sand yodonga iyasebenza.
12, Enye: inokusetyenziswa njengodaka olucekeceke kunye nodaka lomsebenzi we-bubbble.
Ishishini leekhemikhali
1, I-vinyl chloride, i-vinyl polymerization: Njengokunyanzeliswa kokumiswa kwe-polymerives, ukusasazeka, kunye ne-vinyl yotywala (i-vinyl yotywala (i-HPC) kwaye inokulawula ukuhanjiswa kwe-paricle kunye nesuntswana.
I-2, inamathelele: NjengeeWellbative Adhetive, endaweni yesitatshi ingasetyenziswa nge-vinyl acetate ye-vinyl.
I-3. Izinambuzane: ezongezwe kwizinambuzane kunye nee-herbicides, zinokuphucula isiphumo sokubiyela xa sitshiza.
4, I-Latex: Phucula i-Asphalt Emulsion Stabizer, i-styrene butiber (sbr) irabha ye-templex tickener.
5, Binder: Njengepensile, ikhrayoni esenza ukubambelela.
Ishishini le-cosmetics
1. I-Shampoo: phucula i-viscofity kunye nokuzinza kweebhubhu ze-shampoo, i-scordgent kunye nesicoci.
2. Izinyo le-Izinyo: Phinda uphucule ulwelo lwe-toothpaste.
Ishishini lokutya
I-1, i-Witmon Cattus: Thintela kulondolozo ngenxa yokungalunganga kwi-gelycossides kunye ne-mhlophe i-metamorphism yokufezekisa ubutsha.
2, Iimveliso zeziqhamo ezibandayo: Yongeza kwi-dew yeziqhamo, i-ice wist, yenza incasa ingcono.
3, Isosi: Njengesosi, itamati ye-Tomato i-Stabilizer okanye iarhente yokuthambisa.
4, Amanzi abandayo okubamba: Isetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kweentlanzi zentlanzi, kunokuthintela ukuncitshiswa, ukuncitshiswa komgangatho, kunye ne-methyl seluplopy okanye i-hydroxlyproploy ye-methyl ye-gleyl
5, Ukuthambeka kweepilisi: Njengoko kusenziwa imbeko yeepilisi kunye neepilisi, ukugqobhoza kunye nokunyibilika (ngokukhawuleza nangokusasaza xa kuthathwa) kulungile.
Ishishini lamachiza
1. Ukuthandwa: Iarhente yokuhamba-ntle yenziwa kwisisombululo sezinto eziphilayo okanye isisombululo se-act kwiitafile, ngakumbi amasuntswana eyenziwe ngokuthuka.
2, DLULA I-AIRRENDER YOKUGQIBELA: Iigram ezi-2-3 ngosuku, ixesha ngalinye le-1 ukuya kwi-1 ukuya kwi-4-5 leentsuku zokubonisa umphumo.
I-3, iliso lamehlo: kuba uxinzelelo lwe-osmoic ye-hydroxypropyl methyl selsulose i-actulose i-accelose i-ainye, incinci emehlweni, njengeoyile iqhagamshelane ne-lens ye-eyeball.
4, Iarhenteus Agelatinous: Njengokuphathwa kwe-gelatinous kumayeza angaphandle okanye ioyile.
I-5, ichiza elingenayo: Njengearhente yokuthambisa, iarhente yokugcina amanzi.
Ishishini lokugcina
1, Izixhobo ze-elektroniki: Njengomthombo wombane we-ceramic, i-bauxite ferrita yoxinzelelo ebumbayo, inokusetyenziswa nge-1.2-proplenene Glyccol.
2, I-Gloze: isetyenziswe njenge-ceramic gyze kunye ne-porcelain nge-enamel, inokuphucula ukungqubana kunye nokuziqhelanisa.
3, TOCRAOTOR PARDER: UTSHINTSHO OLUFANELEKILEYO OKANYE OKANYE BAFUNA IXESHA LOKUGQIBELA, Unokuphucula iplasitiki kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi.
Amanye amashishini
I-1, ifayibha: Njengoko i-Dye yokuPrinta i-DEE isuti, i-Doron yeHlathi, i-Dyes ye-Boron, i-Dees, i-Dees, ngaphandle kwe-Kipple iRipple i-Desin.
Iphepha 2, iphepha: Isetyenziselwa i-carbon yephepha lesikhumba kunye nokulungiswa kweoyile kunye neminye imiba.
3, Isikhumba: Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kokugqibela okanye ukusetyenziswa okunamathela okungekho mthethweni.
I-4, i-inki esekwe emanzini: yongezwa kwi-inki esekwe emanzini, i-inki, njengearhente yokuthambisa, iarhente yefilimu yefilimu.
5, icuba: njengoko ukunamathela kwecuba elihlaziyiweyo.
Umgangatho we-pharmacopoeia
Umthombo kunye nomxholo
Le mveliso yi-2- hydroxypropyl elthyl sethyl seluplose. I-HydroxylCopyl Methylcelcelsulose inokwahlulwa ibe yimixholo ye-AFCHY NE-1828, 2208, 2908, 2908, 2908, 2908, 2908, 2908.
umlinganiswa
Le mveliso imhlophe okanye i-quasi-emhlophe okanye i-granular poder; I-odorting.
Le mveliso iphantse ingenanto ingenanto kwi-ethanol ye-ethanol, i-ether ne-acetone; Ukudumba kumanzi abandayo ukwenza isisombululo esicacileyo okanye kancinci kwi-colbid coloid.
Ukuchonga
. Beka i-2ml yesisombululo kwityhubhu yovavanyo, ngokuthe ngcembe yongeza i-0.035% ye-Antracene ye-Antracene ye-Antracene ye-Antracene ye-Antracene ye-Antracene ye-Antracene ye-Antracene ye-Albul
(2) Isixa esifanelekileyo solwelo lwe-viscous phantsi kokuchongwa (1) kugalelwe kwiplate yeglasi. Emva kokuphuma kwamanzi, umaleko wefilimu onzima yenziwa.
jonga
1, PH
Emva kokupholisa, hlengahlengisa isisombululo ukuya kwi-100g ngamanzi kwaye ulahle kude kube kuchithwe ngokupheleleyo. Fumana Ngokutsho koMthetho (IsiHlomelo ⅵ h, Icandelo II le-pharmacopoeia, 2010). Ixabiso elifanelekileyo lifanele ukuba li-5.0-8.0.
2, viscosity
I-2.0% (G / G) ilungiselelwe ngokuthatha i-10.0G yemveliso kwaye yongeza amanzi kwi-90 ℃ ukwenza ubungakanani besampulu kunye namanzi 500.0g njengemveliso eyomileyo. Ukumiswa kwaba kukhuselwe ngokupheleleyo kangangemizuzu eli-10 de amasuntswana asasazeke ngokupheleleyo kwaye amanzi. Ukumiswa kuphononongwe kwindawo yokuhlambela i-ice kwaye kwaqhubeka nokuvuselela imizuzu engama-40 ngexesha lenkqubo yokupholisa. I-viscosimeter enye ijikelezayo (i-NDJ-1 inokusetyenziselwa iisampulu ezinophawu olungaphantsi kwe-100 ·j-8s, okanye elinye i-visple, okanye ilingana ne-vismosiment II kwi-Appendix II ye-pharmacoopoeia Ushicilelo luka-2010). Ukuba i-vickosity i-viscosity ingaphantsi kwe-600Mpas, i-viscofity kufuneka ibe yi-80% i-120% ye-vissity ebhalwe; Ukuba i-vickosity i-viscosity ingaphezulu okanye ilingane ne-600mpas, i-viscofity kufuneka ibe ngama-75% ukuya kwi-140% ye-vickosity.
I-3 imbambano emanzini
Thatha i-1.0g yemveliso, yibeke ekubeni ube li-beaker, yongeza amanzi ashushu ayi-100ml nge-80ml ℃, ugqithise amanzi okuhlamba, kwaye uxhase ngokupheleleyo i-ices, kwaye uxhase ngokupheleleyo, yingcolise. I-1 igrimu ethe nkqo inkqonkqo ithe tye etyesileyo eyomileyo i-105 ℃, kwaye icoce i-boaker ngamanzi. Ulwelo luye lwahlulwa kwiglasi yeglasi engasentla kwaye yomile ukuya kwi-105 ℃, ngentsalela engaphezulu kwe-5MG (i-0.5%).
4 Ukuphulukana nobunzima
Thatha le mveliso kwaye wome nge-105 ℃ kwiiyure ezi-2, kwaye ukunciphisa umzimba akuyi kudlula kwi-5.0% (isihlomelo ⅷ, iCandelo II, Pharmacopoeia 2010).
Intsalela emi-5 evuthayo
Thatha i-1.0G yale mveliso kwaye uyijonge ngokomthetho (isiHlomelo ⅷ N, iCandelo II le-A e-Apmermacopoeia 2010), kwaye intsalela yentsalela ayiyi kuba ngaphezu kwe-1.5%.
I-6 yentsimbi enzima
Thatha intsalela eshiyekileyo phantsi kwe-incondesece, jonga ngokungqinelana noMthetho (indlela yesibini yesihlomelo ⅷ h ye-Ushicilelo lesibini le-pharmacoopoeia), equlathe iinyibiba ezinzima ezingenasigidi.
Ityuwa ye-7
Thatha i-1.0G yale mveliso, yongeza i-Calcium ye-cldroxide, xuba, yome, i-windows ye-chidrochloerie i IIDE (0.0002%).
Ukuzimisela komxholo
1, I-Accxyl
I-APTASSGY, ETTOXY NE-HYDROXYPOXY (IsiHlomelo VII F, ICandelo II, 2010 se-pharmacopoeia) lagqitywa. Ukuba indlela yesibini (indlela ye-voluvocc) isetyenziswa, thatha imveliso, ulinganise ngokuchanekileyo kwaye awulinganise ngokufanelekileyo kwaye awulinganise ngokomthetho. Ixabiso le-Ameringty (%) litsaliwe kwimveliso ye-Hydroxypropoxy yexabiso (%) kunye (31 / 7/53 × 0.93).
2, hydroxypropoxy
I-APTASSGY, ETTOXY NE-HYDROXYPOXY (IsiHlomelo VII F, ICandelo II, 2010 se-pharmacopoeia) lagqitywa. Ukuba indlela yesibini (indlela yevolumu) isetyenziswa, thatha imveliso malunga ne-0.1g, ulinganise ngokuchanekileyo, chaza ngokomthetho, kwaye ufumane.
I-Pharmacology kunye neToologlology
I-HydroxyPOpyl Methyl Selelose yinxalenye yeSeluplose Methyl kunye nenxalenye ye-HydroxyPropyl, inokuthi ichithwe emanzini anezinto ze-viscoelastic (ngoko, inokusetyenziswa njengamanye iinyembezi zexabiso. Indlela yokwenza i-polymer inamathela kumphezulu weliso nge-adsorcylival mucin mucin ye-ocular kunye nokuphucula imeko yokuncitshiswa kwamehlo. Le adsorvotion imele i-viscomosity yesisombululo kwaye ivumela isiphumo esihlala sihlala sihlala sihlala sisezantsi. Ukongeza, ukumiswa kwemithombo ye-corneal kwandiswa ngokunciphisa i-angle yonxibelelwano yomgangatho ococekileyo.
I-pharmacokinetics
Akukho datha ye-phammacokinetic inikwe ingxelo yokusetyenziswa kwemveliso.
iphawu
I-curinta imehlo nge-tear yokufihlakeleyo kwaye isuse ukungonwabi.
Ukusetyenziswa
Bobabini abantu abadala kunye nabantwana banokuyisebenzisa. I-1-2 ihla, kathathu ngemini; Okanye njengoko kuchaziwe ngugqirha.
Ukuphendula okungapheliyo Ukuhlela
Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kunokubangela ukungakhethi buso njengentlungu yamehlo, umbono ocacileyo, uxinzelelo lwe-conjunctional conts okanye inkitha yamehlo. Ukuba ezi mpawu zingasentla zicace gca okanye ziqinisekile, ziyeke ukusebenzisa ichiza kwaye uye esibhedlele ukuze uviwe.
i-taboo
Ukukhwazisiwe kubantu abangalunganga kule mveliso.
Imicimbi efuna ingqalelo
1. Ungayichukumisi intloko yebhotile yokuyila kwe-eyelid kunye neminye imiphezulu yokuthintela ungcoliseko
2. Nceda ugcine imveliso ingafikeleli ebantwaneni
3. Kwinyanga enye emva kokuvula ibhotile, ayifanelekanga ukuqhubeka isebenzisa.
I-4. Amayeza okukhulelwa akhule kwaye afune iingxelo zomonakalo wokuzala okanye ezinye iingxaki ezibangelwa yi-hydroxlypropy ye-hydroxprople emzimbeni womntu yafunyanwa; AKUKHO BUNGOZI LOKUGQIBELA LISEKELWE KUKHONA KWIMIVUZO EKUGQIBELWENI. Ke ngoko, akukho mahluko okhethekileyo okhethekileyo wokukhulelwa kunye nokwenza abantu basetyhini.
5. Unyango lwabantwana: xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela obudala, i-Hydroxypropyl Methylcelceluplose ebantwaneni ayibangeli impembelelo engakumbi. Ke ngoko, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala banokusebenzisa le mveliso ngokwecebo elinye.
6, amayeza abantu abalupheleyo: Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Hydroxypropyl Methylcelgalose kwizigulana ezindalupheleyo, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela eminyaka, ayibangeli iziphumo ezahlukeneyo okanye ezinye iingxaki. Ngokuhambelana, amayeza e-Seele angabakhohlisi okhethekileyo.
I-7, ukugcinwa: Ukugcinwa kwe-airtight.
Intsebenzo yokhuseleko
Ingozi yezempilo
Le mveliso ikhuselekile kwaye inganetyhefu, inokusetyenziswa njengokutya, akukho bushushu, akukho kukucaphukiswa kolusu kunye ne-mucous membrane uqhakamshelwano. Ithathwa njengekhuselekileyo (FDA1985). Ukuthathwa kwemihla ngemihla okuvunyiweyo yi-25mg / kg (i-fao / bangu-1985). Izixhobo zokhuselo kufuneka zinxitywe ngexesha lokusebenza.
Impembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo
Kulumkele ukungcola komoya okubangelwa luthuli lubhabha.
Ingozi yomzimba kunye neekhemikhali: Kulumkele ukunxibelelana nemithombo yomlilo, kwaye uphephe ukwenza isixa esikhulu sothuli kwindawo evaliweyo ukuthintela ingozi yokuqhuma.
Gcina izinto ezithunyelwe
Nikela ingqalelo ekukhuseleni ilanga kwimvula kunye nokufuma, kuphephe ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo, kutywinwe kwindawo eyomileyo.
Ikota yokhuseleko
S24 / 25: Kulumkele ukunxibelelana nolusu kunye namehlo.
Kulumkele ukunxibelelana nolusu kunye namehlo.
Iposi